Saturday, November 03, 2012
RANDOM ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA
FRANCE............in vain, the german whole armies, releases from battle elsewhere, poured down from the mountains into italy; the incredible swiftness, clarity + genius over the soldiely mind, savednapoleon from being crushed. seconded by his captains, he won arcoloa+ rivioli, la favorita + corona, + he paralysed the austrians, secured the fall of mantua + led to the surrender of marshal wurmser. NP then set to reduce the feeble pope, who fearing NB signed 2/19/1797 the treaty of toleatino, which he paid a heavy subsidy, + ceded avignon + ferrara to france, friendly milanese; NB also extorted a 100 works of art, + sent to paris. france sure it was the last hour of the papacy. NB in the midst of this, had time to sketch out Italy's future, + to france his cispadano + lombard republics, he also signed a peace treaty w/ spain. in all things, NB acted promptly + resolutely awaiting no man's orders. the directory at paris could only watch + endeavored to associate themselves w/ NB.
the campaign of 1796 was favored for NB; the rhine armies, ill-supplied, + under 2 commands, were opposed by the arch-duke charles, + were not strong enough to carry out the plans of carnot. jourdan was repelled + moreau, who had penetrated bavaria, seeing himself cutoff + isolated, w/ jourdan on the rhine, + the tyrolese alps between him + NB, was forced to retreat, + late oct was back in alsace. a great expedition to ireland nder hoche failed; + by the start of 1797, NB seemed their only great + successful captain.
now he started all of europe by his audacious plan for 1797. he saw what L XIV attempted + failed + now he could do it. to overthrow austria by a march on vienna. his army was strengthened, + those on the rhine ordered to begin active operations, in order to occupy their opponents; quite early in spring NB began his campaign by driving the arch-duke chuck away from his defenses. in spite of the great resistance of the tyrolese + the threatening attitude of venice at their rear, the french advanced + NB crossing the noic alps, got as far as leoben in styria by April his outposts in easy reach of vienna. then the austrians fell into panic; the austrian armies were either beaten + scattered or too far away; there was no resisting the advance. the emperor gladly signed w/ NB who had no authority to do it "the preliminaries of leoben" ceding to france belgium + the left bank of the rhine from basel to andernach, as well as lombardy, w/ would be independent state. the successful outset of the rhine campaign, where hoche + moreau already thrust the austrians back to the black forest. in italy more fortune. a venetian insurrection gave NB a chance of overthrowing the republic of st mark. venice in favor of france. while the oligarchal senate + peasants detested 'deliverance'. a democratic govt centered on the people of venice, replaced the senate-genoa under the title of 'ligurian, republic, became a 'poodle' ally of france. europe was amazed, sympath of the people everywhere, govts embarrassed, forced even pitt to make proposals for peace.
yet at home affairs looked bad. in spite of the armies success, paper money, - which as la valle says, "had done its work, had conquered europe, had in 5 years subdivided property far beyond all that had been done in that direction by centuries of feudalism because it was w/ paper, that thriftier peasants had been able to purchase lands from the crown, the church, + the nobles- these assignats had become almost worthless, + a field for gamblers, who scanadyzed paris w/ thier SHAM wealth + real dissipation. republican manners + institutions were alike correpted + tpttering to their fall.
FRANCE............in vain, the german whole armies, releases from battle elsewhere, poured down from the mountains into italy; the incredible swiftness, clarity + genius over the soldiely mind, savednapoleon from being crushed. seconded by his captains, he won arcoloa+ rivioli, la favorita + corona, + he paralysed the austrians, secured the fall of mantua + led to the surrender of marshal wurmser. NP then set to reduce the feeble pope, who fearing NB signed 2/19/1797 the treaty of toleatino, which he paid a heavy subsidy, + ceded avignon + ferrara to france, friendly milanese; NB also extorted a 100 works of art, + sent to paris. france sure it was the last hour of the papacy. NB in the midst of this, had time to sketch out Italy's future, + to france his cispadano + lombard republics, he also signed a peace treaty w/ spain. in all things, NB acted promptly + resolutely awaiting no man's orders. the directory at paris could only watch + endeavored to associate themselves w/ NB.
the campaign of 1796 was favored for NB; the rhine armies, ill-supplied, + under 2 commands, were opposed by the arch-duke charles, + were not strong enough to carry out the plans of carnot. jourdan was repelled + moreau, who had penetrated bavaria, seeing himself cutoff + isolated, w/ jourdan on the rhine, + the tyrolese alps between him + NB, was forced to retreat, + late oct was back in alsace. a great expedition to ireland nder hoche failed; + by the start of 1797, NB seemed their only great + successful captain.
now he started all of europe by his audacious plan for 1797. he saw what L XIV attempted + failed + now he could do it. to overthrow austria by a march on vienna. his army was strengthened, + those on the rhine ordered to begin active operations, in order to occupy their opponents; quite early in spring NB began his campaign by driving the arch-duke chuck away from his defenses. in spite of the great resistance of the tyrolese + the threatening attitude of venice at their rear, the french advanced + NB crossing the noic alps, got as far as leoben in styria by April his outposts in easy reach of vienna. then the austrians fell into panic; the austrian armies were either beaten + scattered or too far away; there was no resisting the advance. the emperor gladly signed w/ NB who had no authority to do it "the preliminaries of leoben" ceding to france belgium + the left bank of the rhine from basel to andernach, as well as lombardy, w/ would be independent state. the successful outset of the rhine campaign, where hoche + moreau already thrust the austrians back to the black forest. in italy more fortune. a venetian insurrection gave NB a chance of overthrowing the republic of st mark. venice in favor of france. while the oligarchal senate + peasants detested 'deliverance'. a democratic govt centered on the people of venice, replaced the senate-genoa under the title of 'ligurian, republic, became a 'poodle' ally of france. europe was amazed, sympath of the people everywhere, govts embarrassed, forced even pitt to make proposals for peace.
yet at home affairs looked bad. in spite of the armies success, paper money, - which as la valle says, "had done its work, had conquered europe, had in 5 years subdivided property far beyond all that had been done in that direction by centuries of feudalism because it was w/ paper, that thriftier peasants had been able to purchase lands from the crown, the church, + the nobles- these assignats had become almost worthless, + a field for gamblers, who scanadyzed paris w/ thier SHAM wealth + real dissipation. republican manners + institutions were alike correpted + tpttering to their fall.
